J

jactitation of marriage A false assertion that one is married to someone to
whom one is not in fact married. Proceedings for jactitation were abolished by the
Family Law Act 1986 but an injunction may be sought to restrain such claims being
made and may be useful in preventing a presumption of marriage from arising.

Jobseeker's Agreement An agreement that must be signed by a claimant for
the *jobseeker's allowance and his Employment Service adviser. The agreement sets
out any restrictions on the claimant's availability for work and outlines the type of
work being sought and the plans the claimant has made for seeking work.

jobseeker's allowance (JSA) A taxable benefit that replaced both
unemployment benefit and income support for jobseekers from 7 October 1996.
Those with national insurance contributions can claim contribution-based JSA,
which is paid for up to six months. Those without NI contributions can claim
income-based JSA,which is payable for as long as the claimant satisfies the rules. JSA
is only paid to those who are available for work, are actively seeking work, and who
have signed a *Jobseeker's Agreement.

joinder of causes of action The combination in one action of several causes of
action against the same defendant. Although any number of causes of action may be
joined in the first instance, the court may order that they be severed if the joinder
would cause procedural difficulties.

joinder of charges The joining of more than one charge of a criminal offence
together in the same *indictment. This may be done when the charges are based on
the same facts or are part of a series of offences of the same or similar character.

joinder of defendants Mentioning two or more defendants in one count of an
*indictment and trying them together. It is possible to join two or more defendants
even if one of them is the principal offender and the other an accessory; if they are
separately indicted, however, they cannot subsequently be tried together. Sometimes
(e.g.in cases of conspiracy) it is usual to join two or more defendants; one may be
convicted even if all his co-conspirators named in the count are acquitted and even
though conspiracy by definition requires more than one participant. Two or more
defendants may also be joined in one indictment if they are charged with different
offences, if the interests of justice require this; for example, if two witnesses
commit perjury in relation to the same facts in the same proceedings. Defendants
who have been jointly indicted will normally only be tried by separate trials if a
joint trial might prejudice one or more of them; for example, when evidence
against one accused is not admissible against the other or when the prosecution
wish to call one of the defendants to give evidence against another.

joinder of documents The connecting together of two or more documents so
that, jointly, they fulfil statutory requirements when one of the documents alone
would be insufficient.

joinder of parties The combination as claimants or defendants of two or more
persons in a single action. Joinder may take place with the permission of the court
or when separate actions would result in some common question of law or fact
arising in all the actions, and all claims in the action are in respect of or arise out of
the same transaction or series of transactions. See alsoJOINDER OF DEFENDANTS.

joint and several Together and in separation. If two or more people enter into
an obligation that is said to be joint and several, their liability for its breach can be
enforced against them all by a joint action or against any of them by individual
action. See alsoJOINT TORTFEASORS.

Joint Committee on Statutory Instruments (Joint Scrutiny Committee) A
committee of both Houses of Parliament whose function is to examine most
delegated legislation (particularly *statutory instruments of a general character) and
to draw Parliament's attention to it on a number of specified grounds; for example,
if it imposes a tax, has retrospective effect, has been unduly delayed in publication,
or is badly drafted. The Committee consists of seven members appointed by each
House.

Joint Scrutiny Committee See JOINT COMMITTEE ON STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS.

joint tenancy Ownership of land by two or more persons who have identical
interests in the whole of the land (compare TENANCY IN COMMON). A joint tenancy can
only arise when four conditions (the four unities) are satisfied. (1) Each joint tenant
must be entitled to possession at the same time. (2)The estate or interest each has in
the land must be identical; each joint tenant is entitled to the whole property and
has no exclusive entitlement to any separate part of it (see UNDIVIDED SHARES). (3) Each
must have the same *title to the land, i.e. their ownership must be traced from the
same instrument, such as a conveyance "to A and Bas joint tenants". (4)Each joint
tenant's interest must *vest at and subsist for the same time. Under a joint tenancy
the right of survivorship applies: thus ownership of the entire interest in the
property passes automatically on the death of one joint tenant to the survivor(s).
The last survivor becomes the sole and absolute owner.
Under the Law of Property Act 1925 a distinction is made between a legal and an
equitable joint tenancy. When two or more persons hold the *legal estate, they
invariably hold it as joint tenants, and the right of survivorship applies. When the
conveyance to them contains no words indicating that they are entitled to the
property in *undivided shares (words of *severance), they hold as joint tenants in
equity and the right of survivorship again applies. However, when they take distinct
and separate shares, or when the equitable joint tenancy has been terminated (as by
notice of severance, *partition, etc.), the equitable interest is held by them as tenants
in common. However the equitable (or beneficial) interests are structured, the legal
estate is always held by joint tenants as trustees upon a statutory *trust of land
(Trust of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996; TOLATA), and the trustees are
accountable to those who hold the equitable interests - in the proportions to which
they are entitled if they are tenants in common - for the property. The owners in
equity have many rights under the trust of land, such as the right to be consulted
and the right to occupy the property. Any joint tenant may apply to the court
under section 14 of TOLATA for an order relating to the exercise by the trustees of
any of their functions, including sale of the property. The court may make such
order as it thinks fit.

joint tortfeasors Two or more people whose wrongful actions in furthering a
common design cause a single injury. For example, if two men searching for a gas
leak both applied a naked light to a gas pipe and caused an explosion, they are joint
tortfeasors. But if a single injury is caused by several people acting without a
common design they are not joint, but concurrent tortfeasors. An example of
concurrent tortfeasors would be two motorists in separate cars, both driving
negligently and causing a collision in which a pedestrian is injured. In both cases,
the injured claimant is entitled to sue any or all of the tortfeasors for his whole
loss; if he obtains a judgment against one tortfeasor that is not satisfied, he may
proceed against the others. A tortfeasor liable for damage may recover contribution
from other tortfeasors (whether joint or concurrent) liable for the same damage. See
CIVIL LIABILITY CONTRIBUTION.

joint venture A commercial undertaking entered into by two or more parties,
often by setting up a separate joint-venture company in which all partners have
shares, to enable resources and skills to be shared. Joint ventures are defined in a
European Commission *notice of 31 December 1994as "undertakings which are
jointly controlled by two or more other undertakings." In practice joint ventures
encompass a broad range of operations, from merger-like operations to cooperation
for particular functions, such as research and development, production, or
distribution. A Commission notice of 23 December 1992 sets out how cooperative
joint ventures are treated under the ED competition rules.

joint will A will comprising a single document executed by two or more persons
as the will of all of them. It is treated as the separate will of each testator, and
probate will be granted separately on the death of each. A joint testator may revoke
the will only insofar as it applies to himself. A joint will is a convenient instrument
for the exercise of a power conferred on persons jointly to appoint by will (see
POWER OF APPOINTMENT) but has no other practical benefit. Compare MUTUAL WILLS.

Journals pl. n. The authentic record of proceedings in Parliament, as opposed to
the verbatim record of debates (see HANSARD). There are two series published
annually: Journalsof the House of Lords (beginning in 1509) and Journals of the House
of Commons (beginning in 1547).

joyriding n. See ABSTRACTING ELECTRICITY; AGGRAVATED VEHICLE-TAKING.
JP See JUSTICE OF THE PEACE.

jUdge n. A state official with power to adjudicate on disputes and other matters
brought before the courts for decision. In English law all judges are appointed by
the Crown, on the advice of the Lord Chancellor in the case of *circuit judges and
High Court *puisne judges and on the advice of the Prime Minister in the case of
judges of the *Court of Appeal and the *Lords of Appeal in Ordinary. All judges are
experienced legal practitioners, mostly barristers, but solicitors can be appointed if
they possess the relevant *advocacy qualification. The independence of the higher
judiciary is ensured by the principle that they hold office during good behaviour
and not at the pleasure of the Crown (with the exception of the Lord Chancellor).
They can only be removed from office by a resolution of both Houses of Parliament
assented to by the Queen. Their salaries are a charge on the *Consolidated Fund and
are not voted annually. Circuit judges may be removed by the Lord Chancellor for
incapacity or misbehaviour. All judicial appointments are pensionable and there is a
compulsory retirement age of 70 years, but this can be extended to 75 if considered
to be in the public interest. See alsoJUDICIAL IMMUNITY. Compare MAGISTRATE.

jUdge advocate A barrister or solicitor who advises a *court martial on questions
of law. He is appointed by the Judge Advocate-General's Department or, in the case
of naval courts martial, by the Judge Advocate of the Fleet. At the conclusion of the
evidence the judge advocate sums up the case to the members of the court.

Judge Advocate-General's Department A department that advises the
Secretary of State for Defence and the Defence Council on matters relating to the
administration of military law and reviews proceedings of army and air-force courts
martial.

judge in his own cause See NATURAL JUSTICE.

Judges' Rules Formerly, rules of practice drawn up by the High Court governing
the questioning and charging of suspects by the police. They were replacedby a
*code of practice issued under the provisions of the Police and Criminal EVIdence
Act 1984.See also INTERROGATION.

judgment n. 1. A decision made by a court in .respect of the ma~ter bef~re it.
Judgments may be interim (interlocutory), deciding a particular Issue pnor to the
trial of the case; or final, finally disposing of the case. They may be in personam,
imposing a personal liability on a party (e.g. to pay damages); or in rem, determining
some issue of right, status, or property binding people generally. 2. The process of
reasoning by which the court's decision was arrived at. In English law it is the
normal practice for judgment to be given in open court or, in some ~ppella~e
tribunals, to be handed down in printed form. If the Judgment contains rulings on
important questions of law, it may be reported in the *law reports. See also
ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENT; FOREIGN JUDGMENTS.

judgment creditor The person in whose favour a court judgment is made
against a debtor.

judgment debtor A person against whom a court judgment has been entered,
ordering him to pay money that he owes (the judgment debt). See alsoENFORCEMENT
OF JUDGMENT.

judgment in default See DEFAULT.

judgment summons A summons, issued on the application of a person enti~led
to enforce a judgment, that requires a judgment debtor to appear and be examined
on oath as to his means. If it can be shown that the debtor had the means to pay the
debt but has failed to do so the judge may make an order committing him to prison,
suspended for as long as specified instalments are paid. Since t~e virtual abolitior: of
imprisonment for debt, this procedure has been available ~nly in respect of certain
*maintenance orders and judgments for payment of certam taxes and state
contributions.

judicial cognizance See JUDICIAL NOTICE.

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council A tribunal, created by the Judicial
Committee Act 1833, consisting of the Lord Chancellor, Lord President of the Council
and ex-Lords President, Lords of Appeal in Ordinary, and other members of the
*Privy Council who have been Lords of Appeal in Ordinary or who ha~e held high
judicial office. Certain judges of Commonwealth. co~n~nes who are Privy
Counsellors are also members. The Committee's jurisdiction IS to hear appeals from
courts in dependent territories and those Commonwealth countries. that have
retained appeals to the Privy Council since attaimng independence: It al~o hears
appeals under certain statutes. The Committee's decisions are not technically
judgments but merely advice to the Crown: they do not become.fmal ur:tll .
incorporated into an *Order in Council. For this r.e~son also, until 19.66 dissenting
opinions were not disclosed. The Committee's deCISIOns are. not binding as precedents
upon English courts but are merely of *persuasive authonty.

judicial dictum See OBITER DICTUM.

judicial discretion The power of the court to take some step, grant a remedy,. or
admit evidence or not as it thinks fit. Many rules of procedure and evidence are III
discretionary form or provide for some element of discretion. In criminal cases,
under the provisions of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, the court may
exclude prosecution evidence if its admission would have such an adverse effect on
the fairness of the proceedings that the court ought not to admit it. The *Court of
Appeal is reluctant to review the exercise of discretion by trial judges.

judicial immunity The exemption of a *judge or *magistrate from personal
actions for damages arising from the exercise of his judicial office. The immunity is
absolute in respect of all words or actions of the judge while acting within his
*jurisdiction and extends to acts done without jurisdiction provided that they were
done in good faith.

judicial notice ijudicial cognizance) The means by which the court may take as
proven certain facts without hearing evidence. Notorious fads (i.e. matters of
common knowledge) may be judicially noticed without inquiry; some other facts
(e.g. matters that can easily be checked in a standard work of reference and are
reasonably indisputable) may be noticed after inquiry. When judicial notice has been
taken, *evidence in rebuttal is not permitted.

judicial precedent See PRECEDENT.

judicial review The simplified procedure by which, since 1m, prerogative and
other remedies have been obtainable in the High Court against inferior courts,
tribunals, and administrative authorities. On an application for the judicial review
of a decision, the Court may grant a *quashing order, *mandatory order,
*prohibition order, *declaration, or *injunction; it may also award damages.

judicial separation order An order by the courts that a husband and wife do
not have to cohabit. The order does not terminate the marriage but it does free the
parties of marital obligations. Judicial (or legal) separation is appropriate when there
are religious objections to divorce or when the parties have not finally decided upon
divorce. The grounds for separation are the same as those for *divorce. The courts
have the same powers in relation to financial orders and children as they do when
granting a divorce.

judicial trustee A trustee appointed by the court under the Judicial Trustee Act
1906,either as sole trustee or as co-trustee. He is an officer of the court, is subject to
the court's control, and is entitled to such remuneration as the court allows. In
practice, the *Public Trustee has replaced a trustee appointed under the Act.

junior barrister Any barrister who is not a *Queen's Counsel. The word "junior"
does not necessarily imply youth or lack of seniority: many members of the Bar
remain juniors throughout their careers.

jure gestionis [Latin] Describing commercial transactions by bodies that are
owned by the state but are not regarded as organs of the state. In international law
the state accepts responsibility for such transactions and does not claim immunity.
Compare JURE IMPERII.

jure imperii [Latin] Describing transactions by state bodies or representatives, such
as diplomats. In international law the state maintains immunity from such
transactions. Compare JURE GESTIONIS.

juridical adj. Relating to judicial proceedings or the law. Juridical days were days
on which legal business could be transacted.

jurisdiction n. 1. The power of a court to hear and decide a case or make a certain
order. (For the limits of jurisdiction of individual courts, see entries for those
courts.) 2. The territorial limits within which the jurisdiction of a court may be
exercised. In the case of English courts this comprises England, Wales, Berwick-upon-
Tweed, and those parts of the sea claimed as *territorial waters. Everywhere else is
said to be outside the jurisdiction. 3. The territorial scope of the legislative
competence of Parliament. See SOVEREIGNTY OF PARLIAMENT.
In international law, jurisdiction can be exercised on a number of grounds, based
on the following principles: (1) the territorial principle (that the state within whose
boundaries the crime has taken place has jurisdiction, irrespective of the nationality
of the transgressor); (2) the nationality principle (that a state has the power of
jurisdiction over one of its nationals for an offence he has committed in another
state); (3) the protective principle (that a potentially injured state can exercise
jurisdiction in all cases when its national security is threatened): (4) the passive
personality principle (that a state has jurisdiction if the illegal act has been
committed against a national of that state); and (5) the universality principle (when
the accused has committed a crime in breach of a rule of *jus cogens, i.e. a crime
against humanity, any party having custody of the alleged lawbreaker is permitted
to bring criminal proceedings against him).

juris et de jure [Latin] Of law and from law: an irrebuttable *presumption is so
described.

juristic person (artificial person) An entity, such as a *corporation, that is
recognized as having legal personality, i.e. it is capable of enjoying and being subject
to legal rights and duties. It is contrasted with a human being, who is referred to as
a natural person.

juror n. A member of a *jury. Each juror must swear that he will faithfully try the
case and give a true verdict according to the evidence; failure to do so is contempt
of court. Jurors are chosen from the electoral register; they must be aged between
18 and 70 and must have been resident in the UKfor a period of at least five years
since the age of 13. The following are ineligible for jury service: (1) past and present
holders of any judicial office; (2) solicitors, barristers, members of a court staff,
police officers, and others concerned with the administration of justice, if they have
held the office within the preceding 10 years; (3) clergymen; and (4) the mentally ill.
Members of Parliament, full-time members of the armed forces, and practising
doctors, chemists, and vets may claim excusal from jury service and there are also
special categories of discretionary excusal. A practising member of a religious
society or order the tenets or beliefs of which are incompatible with jury service are
excused from service as of right. Anyone who has ever been imprisoned for five
years or more, or who has been imprisoned for more than three months within the
preceding 10 years, or who is on bail, is disqualified from jury service.
A defendant is entitled to challenge individual jurors (see CHALLENGE TO JURY); if he
succeeds in his challenges, another person takes the place of the challenged juror. A
person who appears to be suffering from a disability that could impair performance
of their duties as juror must now be brought before the judge so that he may form
an opinion as to their suitability.

jury n. A group of *jurors (usually 12) selected at random to decide the facts of a
case and give a verdict. Most juries are selected to try crimes but juries are also used
in coroner's *inquests and in some civil cases (e.g. defamation actions). The judge
directs the jury on points of law (see DIRECTION TO JURY) and sums up the evidence of
the prosecution and defence for them, but he must leave the jury to decide all
questions of fact themselves. He must also make it clear to them that they are the
only *triers of fact and must acquit the defendant unless they feel sure that he is
guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The verdict of a jury should, if possible, be
unanimous, but when there are at least 10 people on the jury and they cannot reach
a unanimous verdict, a *majority verdict is acceptable. Many offences must be tried
by a jury; many others may be tried by a jury or by magistrates (see INDICTABLE
OFFENCE). See also CHALLENGE TO JURY.
It is a criminal offence to attempt to influence a jury's discussions or to question
them about their discussions when the case is over. See also CONTEMPT OF COURT;
INTIMIDATION.

jus n. [Latin] A law or right.

jus accrescendi [Latin] See RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP. locum non habet

jus accrescendi inter mercatores pro beneficio commercii locum non
habet[Latin: for the advancement of commerce there is no place for the right of
survivorship between merchants] A maxim stating the principle that equity will
treat as tenants in common (see TENANCY IN COMMON) those in partnership whose
interest in partnership property is at common law a *joint tenancy. Thus on the
death of a partner his interest in the partnership property is part of his estate
rather than belonging to the surviving partners.

jus civile [Latin: civil law] 1. *Municipal law. 2. The whole body of Roman law.

jus cogens [Latin: coercive law] A rule or principle in international law that is so
fundamental that it binds all states and does not allow any exceptions. Such rules
(sometimes called peremptory norms) will only amount to jus cogens rules if they
are recognized as such by the international community as a whole. A treaty that
conflicts with an existing jus cogens rule is void, and if a new jus cogens rule
emerges, any existing treaty that conflicts with it automatically becomes void. States
cannot create regional customary international law that contradicts jus cogens rules.
Most authorities agree that the laws prohibiting slavery, genocide, piracy, and acts
of aggression or illegal use of force are jus cogens laws. Some suggest that certain
human rights provisions (e.g. those prohibiting racial discrimination) also come
under the category of jus cogens.

jus gentium [Latin: the law of peoples] See INTERNATIONAL LAw.

jus in re aliena [Latin] A right in the property of another (see ENCUMBRANCE). It is
contrasted with jus in re propria - a right in one's own property.

jus naturale [Latin: natural law] The fundamental element of all law. See NATURAL
LAw.

jus sanguinis [Latin: law relating to blood] The principle that the nationality of
children is the same as that of their parents, irrespective of their place of birth. This
contrasts with *jus soli, whereby nationality is dependent on place of birth. In states
in which the jus sanguinis principle applies (i.e. France and Germany), a conflict of
jurisdiction may arise when a child is born of parents who are citizens of another
state. For example, a child born in the United States of French parents is an
American citizen jure soli, but a French citizen jure sanguinis. His effective
citizenship will depend upon the jurisdiction within which he happens to be in; in
the United States he is a US citizen; in France, a Frenchman; in any other country he
is both.
Conflicts resulting from the simultaneous presence of these contrasting claims of
allegiance are generally settled between states by deferring jus sanguinis to jus soli
when the state asserting its primary claim of allegiance has de facto jurisdiction of
the individual in question. Most jurisdictions (including the United Kingdom and the
United States) now adopt within their nationality law a combination of jus soliand
jus sanguinis.

jus soli [Latin: law relating to the soil (of one's country)] The rule by which birth in
a state is sufficient to confer nationality, irrespective of the nationality of one's
parents (compare JUS SANGUINIS). The United Kingdom and the United States originally
adhered to a strict version of this principle. Thus the children of an *alien, born on
the territory of the host state, would from their birth adopt the nationality of that
state. Most jurisdictions (including the United Kingdom and the United States) now
adopt a combination of jus soli and jus sanguinis.

just and equitable winding-up A *compulsory winding-up on grounds of
fairness. This may occur, for example, when the purpose of the company cannot be
achieved, when the management is deadlocked or has been guilty of serious
irregularities, or, in small companies run on the basis of mutual trust between
members, when the majority have exercised their legal rights in breach of a
common understanding between the members when the company was formed. No
order will be made if another form of *minority protection would be more
appropriate. See also UNFAIR PREJUDICE.

jus tertii [Latin: right of a third party] A defence raised by a party who is sued in
respect of property alleging that some third party has a better claim to the property
than the claimant. The Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977provides that this is
a good defence to an action in *conversion, but a special procedure is laid down for
the joinder of the third party in the action.

justice n. A moral ideal that the law seeks to uphold in the protection of rights
and *punishment of wrongs. Justice is not synonymous with law - it is possible for
a law to be called unjust. However, English law closely identifies with justice and
the word is frequently used in the legal system; for example, in justice of the peace,
Royal Courts of Justice, and administration of justice.

justice of the peace (JP) A person holding a commission from the Crown to
exercise certain judicial functions for a particular commission area. JPs are
appointed on behalf of and in the name of the Queen by the Lord Chancellor and
may be removed from office in the same way. On reaching the age of 70 they are
placed on a supplemental list and cease to be able to exercise any judicial functions.
Their principal function is to sit as *magistrates in the *magistrates' courts but
they may also sit in the *Crown Court when it is considering committals for
sentence and appeals from magistrates' courts, sign warrants of arrest and search
warrants, and take statutory declarations. All High Court judges are ex officio
justices of the peace for the whole of England and Wales.

justices' clerk See CLERK TO THE JUSTICES.

justification n. 1. The defence to an action for *defamation that the defamatory
statement made was true. Truth is a complete defence to a civil action for
defamation, except where true statements about *spent convictions are proved to
have been made maliciously. 2. The defence that interference with the contractual
or business relations of another was justified. The scope of the defence is uncertain,
but the fact that the wages of chorus girls were so low that they were compelled to
resort to prostitution has been held to justify a theatrical performers' protection
society inducing theatre owners to break their contracts with the girls' employer
(Brimelow v Casson 1924). See PROCURING BREACH OF CONTRACT.

justifying bail Demonstrating to a court granting bail that one is capable of
meeting the surety specified in the bail (for example, disclosing one's financial
resources). A person standing surety for bail must be able to provide the bailout of
his own resources. It is a criminal offence (bail-bonding) for a defendant who is
granted bail to agree to indemnify his surety against any loss arising out of standing
surety.

just satisfaction The basis for damages awarded by the European Court of
Human Rights (and thus in respect of claims under the *Human Rights Act 1998). In
many cases where the Court finds a violation it has declined to award any damages
on the basis that this finding is in itself sufficient just satisfaction. Subject to this
discretion, damages can be obtained for pecuniary loss, nonpecuniary loss, and costs
and expenses.

juvenile court See YOUTH COURT.

juvenile offender A person between the ages of 10 and 17 who has committed a
crime (see DOLI CAPAX); an offender between the ages of 14 and 17 is known as a
young offender. A child (aged between 10 and 14) cannot normally be tried on
indictment (even for an *indictable offence) except when charged with homicide. A
young offender may be tried on indictment when charged with homicide or an
offence for which an adult could be sentenced to at least 14 years' imprisonment or
if he is jointly charged with someone aged 18 or over and it is felt to be necessary
that they be tried together. In all other cases, juvenile offenders must be tried
summarily by a magistrates' court or a *youth court; they can be "found guilty" of
an offence but may not be described as "convicted".
A juvenile offender cannot be sentenced to imprisonment; instead he may be
sentenced to *detention in a young offender institution. If found guilty of murder
or some other grave crime he must be detained in a place and on such conditions as
the Home Secretary may determine. The Crime (Sentences) Act 1997provides that
the Parole Board, rather than the Home Secretary, has responsibility for the release
of juveniles convicted of murder. Under the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act
1994it is possible to sentence an offender aged 12 to 14 who has been convicted of a
serious offence punishable in an adult by imprisonment to custody under a secure
training order for a period of six months to two years. A juvenile offender may not
be sentenced to do community service or put on probation before the age of 16. He
may be fined (see FINE), made the subject of a supervision or hospital order, or
required to attend an *attendance centre. He could also be discharged (absolutely or
conditionally). The procedures for dealing with juvenile offenders have now been
amended in some respects by the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999.